Psychological trauma and depression in recovered COVID-19 patients: A telecommunication based observational study.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is adversely affecting the mental health of the patients infected with the virus and the psychological impact on recovered COVID-19 patients is not clear. The study aimed to assess Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression among COVID-19 patients post recovery from the disease. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted from November 09, 2020, to December 23, 2020. The study enrolled recovered COVID-19 patients through telemedicine mode from the database of patients provided by the health authorities. National Stressful Events Survey PTSD Short Scale [NSESSS] for adults was used for assessing PTSD symptoms and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used for assessing depression. RESULTS: The study enrolled 503 recovered COVID-19 patients with a mean age of 41.90 years. The majority were asymptomatic (64.6%) while 21.5% developed moderate to severe form of the disease. The prevalence of PTSD symptoms and depression was found to be 56.9% and 29.0% respectively. COVID-19 patients with severe form of disease were significantly more affected with PTSD symptoms [vs mild, Odds Ratio (OR)= 18.7, Confidence Interval (CI)= 9.9-35.5] and depression (vs mild, OR= 19.8, CI= 9.9-39.5). Similarly, the patients who required oxygen or ventilator support reported a significantly higher PTSD symptoms (vs managed at home, OR= 17.4, CI= 8.3-36.4) and depression (vs managed at home, OR= 22.0, CI= 10.1-47.7). CONCLUSION: The study reported that recovered COVID-19 patients suffered from a significant amount of depression and experienced significant PTSD symptoms. It will help in addressing a major psychological concern among the recovered subjects.

Investigating the Psychological Disorder and Nutritional Disorder During the Covid-19 epidemic

Background: Considering the various effects of the corona epidemic on humans, the current study was conducted to investigate adults' nutritional patterns and psychological status during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was performed on adults in Iran during the Covid-19 epidemic. A total of 315 participants were examined by the convenience sampling method. To collect data from the standard twenty-one questionnaire (das) And Eating Attitudes Test - 26 Items were used. The data were analyzed by SPSS and independent t-test, correlation coefficient, and chi-square analysis of variance at a significance level of less than 0.05. Results: The mean age of the participants was 31.93 ± 10.02 years. Based on the findings, 31.1% had some degree of depression, 29.5% had some degree of anxiety and 31.7% have been affected by varying degrees of stress. Also, 8.7% of the participants had eating disorders. A statistically significant relationship was observed between depression score, anxiety score, stress score as well as an overall score of mental disorders and eating disorders;In such a way that with the increase of each of these cases, the score of eating disorders also increases. Conclusion: Following the prevalence of the Covid-19 epidemic and its psychological effects, the level of stress and anxiety has increased. Awareness controlled the level of anxiety and stress and prevented its adverse effects on nutrition. o Antecedentes: Teniendo en cuenta los diversos efectos de la epidemia de corona en los humanos, el estudio actual se realizó para investigar los patrones nutricionales y el estado psicológico de los adultos durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Este estudio analítico transversal se realizó en adultos en Irán durante la epidemia de Covid-19. Un total de 315 participantes fueron examinados por el método de muestreo por conveniencia. Para recopilar datos del cuestionario estándar de veintiún (das) y la prueba de actitudes alimentarias, se utilizaron 26 ítems. Los datos fueron analizados por SPSS y prueba t independiente, coeficiente de correlación y análisis de varianza de chi-cuadrado a un nivel de significación de menos de 0,05. Resultados: La edad media de los participantes fue de 31,93 ± 10,02 años. De acuerdo con los hallazgos, el 31,1% presenta algún grado de depresión, el 29,5% presenta algún grado de ansiedad y el 31,7% se ha visto afectado por diversos grados de estrés. Asimismo, el 8,7% de los participantes presentaban trastornos alimentarios. Se observó una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la puntuación de depresión, la puntuación de ansiedad, la puntuación de estrés, así como una puntuación global de trastornos mentales y trastornos alimentarios;De tal forma que con el aumento de cada uno de estos casos, también aumenta la puntuación de los trastornos alimentarios. Conclusión: A raíz de la prevalencia de la epidemia de Covid-19 y sus efectos psicológicos, el nivel de estrés y ansiedad ha aumentado. La conciencia controló el nivel de ansiedad y estrés y previno sus efectos adversos sobre la nutrición.

Mathematical modeling and analysis of psychological disorders

In general, a psychological disorder is a syndrome with significant rapid variability in control of emotions, cognitive control, and behaviors that reflect dysfunction in the biological, psychological, or development process underlying the function of cognitive behavior. Psychological disorders are occurring more prominently in post-COVID-19 patients. This work aims to investigate a detailed literature review on psychological disorders and mathematical models of the system to predict and forecast the psychological and mental illnesses and the spread of COVID-19 during the pandemic. A systematic statistical analysis was more appreciable to determine the significant level to suggest an appropriate medical direction to overcome the psychological disorders. The mathematical models, such as the system dynamics model used to predict the growth rate and causes of the various disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, personality disorders, stress disorders, psychotic disorders, etc., propose the medical precautions and treatment methods for the dynamic combination of psychological disorder patients effectively with a systematic approach. Further, the extended work on machine learning approaches enhances its accuracy. It matches the scenario in real-time to predict the effects of disorders in post-COVID-19 patients. A set of massive data from the open-source will substantiate the model's effectiveness in predicting disorders of various levels and simulate the data using the system dynamics model using VenSim to foresee its future growth rate to design and develop the methodology to minimize the psychological disorders. The planned contents are: stating the various psychological disorders, mapping the psychological disorders of post-COVID patients with the standard, and work performed in the multimodal analysis of psychological analysis in the literature to date with the mapped psychological disorders. A questionnaire survey from doctors on psychological disorders was quantified and analyzed using statistical methods. Various mathematical models, such as Markov chain, Monte Carlo simulation, SIR model, and simulation models of multimodal analysis of psychological disorders, substantiate the model using the system dynamics using the VenSim package to predict the effects. Using open-source data, the researchers proved the accuracy of the computational modelling and stochastic mathematical modelling results in building the models to predict the disorders and viable proposed solutions for patients' healthy well-being by minimizing the effect of the disorder at the earliest. © 2022 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.

COVID-19 and mental health: a longitudinal population study from Norway.

Existing research has found adverse short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, but longer-term effects have been less documented. Using newly released register data on all general practitioner consultations in Norway through 2020 (about 14 million consultations in total), we find that during the spring and early summer 2020, the number of psychological cases initially increased relative to prior years, but then fell back towards the level of prior years during the summer 2020. In early September 2020, the number of cases accelerated, a pattern that held up through December 2020, so that the gap between 2020 and prior years became largest end-of-year. Our findings suggest that the accumulated adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health far exceeds the short-term effects. The effects are particularly strong for females and for residents in urban areas.

COVID-19 Pandemic and Stress: Coping with the New Normal.

COVID-19 is the new face of pandemic. Since the discovery of COVID-19 in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, it has spread all over the world and the numbers are increasing day by day. Anyone can be susceptible to this infection but children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with comorbidity are more vulnerable. The spread of coronavirus resulted in closures of schools, businesses, and public spaces worldwide and forced many communities to enact stay at home orders, causing stress to all irrespective of their age, gender, or socioeconomic status. The sudden and unexpected changes caused by the outbreak of coronavirus are overwhelming for both adults and children, causing stress and evoking negative emotions like fear, anxiety, and depression, among different populations. The aim of the paper is to ascertain how stress during this pandemic inculcates various psychological health issues like depression anxiety, OCD, panic behavior, and so on. Further, the paper is an attempt to identify different general as well as population specific coping strategies to reduce the stress level among individuals and prevent various stress-induced psychological disorders with reference to different theories and research articles.

Psychological Well-Being of Malaysian University Students during COVID-19 Pandemic: Do Religiosity and Religious Coping Matter?

The COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictions imposed that changed the teaching and learning activities may add a psychological impact to the existing academic stress faced by university students. Past studies have associated low levels of psychological disorder with high religiosity and positive religious coping (RC). This study aimed to determine the level of psychological disorder among university students in Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic and measure their association with religiosity and religious coping (RC). An online cross-sectional survey was conducted between March and June 2020 involving 450 students. The survey instruments consisted of sociodemographic proforma, Duke University Religious Index (DUREL) for religiosity, Brief RCOPE Scale for RC and General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) for psychological disorder; 36% of the participants experienced psychological disorder. Younger age, being a Muslim, living in the Green/Yellow zone and higher negative RC were significantly associated with psychological disorder. Higher positive RC was found to be protective against psychological disorder. However, the level of religiosity had no significant association with psychological disorder. In conclusion, the level of psychological disorder among university students has been high during the pandemic. Measures and interventions focusing on positive RC and reducing negative RC are recommended to improve the psychological well-being.

[Intensive Care Nurses, Psychological Disorders and COVID-19. The COVID IMPACT NATIONAL STUDY]. / Infirmiers en Réanimation, troubles psychologiques et COVID-19 : l'enquête nationale COVID IMPACT.

The COVID-19 pandemic has turned hospital under tension. Front-line staff, those most heavily exposed to the virus, are also those most at risk of developing psychological disorders. The aim of this national survey was to determine the prevalence of psychological disorders among the nurses working in intensive care unit during the pandemic. We developed an electronic questionnaire distributed by email between June 17th and July 17th, 2020. The responders were 381 health care professionals (nurses, anaesthetists nurse, operating room nurses and health managers). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Impact Event Scale Revisited were used to assess the prevalence of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Operating Room Nurses were those who suffered the most from psychological disorders: anxiety disorder (64%) (P = 0.055), depression (45%) (P = 0.004) and post-traumatic stress disorder (45%) (P = 0.008). Nurses usually working in intensive care were the least affected by psychological disorders: anxiety disorder (30%), depressive disorder (11%) and post-traumatic stress (20%). The risk factors for developing a psychological disorder are the low level of training in intensive care unit (ICU), not being volunteer for working in ICU and having a burnout history. This study describes a profile of professionals at risk of developing psychological disorders in this setting. Prevention should be based on staff training and psychological support.

Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Emergency Dental Care Providers on the Front Lines in China.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that emerged at the end of 2019. On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified it as a pandemic. To examine the psychological effects on dental care providers in China in the midst of the COVID-19 outbreak and factors closely associated with those effects, we conducted a cross-sectional study online with 4 widely used self-administered questionnaires: the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the General Anxiety Disorder-7, the Perceived Stress Scale-10, and the Acute Stress Disorder Scale. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the variables that potentially affected the mental health of emergency dental care providers. As a result, 969 out of 1035 questionnaires were included in the analysis, with 642 respondents reporting more than 1 symptom (66.3%). The symptom of perceived stress was reported by the largest proportion of the respondents (66.2%, n = 641), and anxiety the least (7.1%, n = 69). After adjustment for confounders, it was found that dental practitioners with preexisting physical health conditions were at higher risk of depression (odds ratio [OR], 1.972; 95% CI, 1.128-3.448; P = .017), and perceived stress (odds ratio, 2.397 95% CI, 1.283-4.478; P = .006). Additionally, feelings of fear, helplessness, or terror resulting from the possibility of contracting COVID-19 were significantly associated with the prevalence of all the 4 psychological symptoms observed (P < .05). In the present study, we found that dental care providers suffered psychological depression, stress, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during COVID-19, which indicates the importance of psychological support at times of major epidemic outbreaks. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry number: ChiCTR2000031538.

Prevalence of psychological disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic in China: A real world cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the prevalence of psychological disorders and associated factors at different stages of the COVID-19 epidemic in China. METHODS: The mental health status of respondents was assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) scale. RESULTS: 5657 individuals participated in this study. History of chronic disease was a common risk factor for severe present depression (OR 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.82-2.66, p < 0.001), anxiety (OR 2.41, 95% CI, 1.97-2.95, p < 0.001), and insomnia (OR 2.33, 95% CI, 1.83-2.95, p < 0.001) in the survey population. Female respondents had a higher risk of depression (OR 1.61, 95% CI, 1.39-1.87, p < 0.001) and anxiety (OR 1.35, 95% CI, 1.15-1.57, p < 0.001) than males. Among the medical workers, confirmed or suspected positive COVID-19 infection as associated with higher scores for depression (confirmed, OR 1.87; suspected, OR 4.13), anxiety (confirmed, OR 3.05; suspected, OR 3.07), and insomnia (confirmed, OR 3.46; suspected, OR 4.71). LIMITATION: The cross-sectional design of present study presents inference about causality. The present psychological assessment was based on an online survey and on self-report tools, albeit using established instruments. We cannot estimate the participation rate, since we cannot know how many potential subjects received and opened the link for the survey. CONCLUSIONS: Females, non-medical workers and those with a history of chronic diseases have had higher risks for depression, insomnia, and anxiety. Positive COVID-19 infection status was associated with higher risk of depression, insomnia, and anxiety in medical workers.

Depression and Coping Among COVID-19-Infected Individuals After 10 Days of Mandatory in-Hospital Quarantine, Irbid, Jordan.

BACKGROUND: In-hospital mandatory quarantine of asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19-infected individuals was part of the national control strategy used to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak in Jordan. This study aims to evaluate depression, associated stressors, and various coping methods used among adult quarantined COVID-19-infected individuals. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included all COVID-19-infected individuals who were obligatorily quarantined at King Abdullah University Hospital, Irbid, Jordan from March 15 to April 20, 2020. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire after 10 days of quarantine. In addition, several questions regarding the patients' sights with the health-care system, and coping methods were added. Demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, and comorbidities were collected from the medical records. RESULTS: Out of 91 quarantined COVID-19 patients, a total of 66 completed the survey, with a participation rate of 72.5%. The majority were relatively young; the mean ± SD age was 35.8 ± 16.2 years (range 18-79), 59.1% were females and 47% were asymptomatic. A considerable proportion of patients (44%) reported symptoms of depression, with 21% were at high risk of major depressive disorder. Depression symptoms were significantly more common among females than males [PHQ-9 score ≥10: 13 (92.9%) vs 1 (7.1%), respectively; p=0.004]. The majority of patients (71.2%) reported having problems with health-care services. Insufficient involvement in making treatment decisions was the most commonly reported concern (59.1%). Patients who reported problems in maintaining privacy, reaching out to their physicians, or receiving conflicting information from the medical staff, had more symptoms of depression compared with the satisfied ones (p<0.05). On the other hand, those who were receiving sufficient support from the family, friends, or medical staff during quarantine, were less likely to have depression symptoms (p<0.05). Furthermore, symptoms of depression were less in patients who stayed in touch with others using phone calls, texting, or social media (p=0.024). CONCLUSION: Symptoms of depression were common among both symptomatic and asymptomatic quarantined COVID-19 patients. The support of family, friends, and medical staff was an essential alleviating factor. Facilitating adequate communication may promote the mental well-being of COVID-19-infected patients and help in reducing the risk of depression during the in-hospital quarantine.